चना उत्पादन की उन्नत तकनीकी,IMPROVED METHOD OF CULTIVATION OF GRAM(CHICK-PEA)

चना उत्पादन की उन्नत तकनीकी,

पैकेज ऑफ़ प्रैक्टिसेज ऑफ़ कल्टीवेशन ऑफ़ चिक-पी (ग्राम),  

IMPROVED METHOD OF 

CULTIVATION OF GRAM(CHICK-PEA)

PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF CULTIVATION OF CHICK-PEA(GRAM)

                      puk esa izksVhu 21 izfr”kr rd ik;k tkrk gSA puk dSfYl;e] vk;ju vkfn dk eq[; lzksr Hkh gSA

pus dk mi;ksx nky] cslu] lkcqr puk] jksLVsM puk] gjs pus ,oa gjh ifRr;ks dk lCth vkfn esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkwfe dh rS;kjh&

pus dh [ksrh {kkjh; Hkwfe ds vfrfjDr lHkh izdkj dh e/;e ls Hkkjh Hkwfe esa dh tk ldrh gSA Hkwfe dk ih-,p- eku 5-5 & 7-5 rd gksuk vPNk jgrk gSA ueh laj{k.k ds fy, ikVk vo”; yxk;s ;g vflafpr pus dh [ksrh ds fy, Hkh vko”;d gksxkA e/;e ls Hkkjh tehu dks 3&4 okj tqrkbZ djds] iysok nsus ds ckn tqrkbZ djds cqokbZ djsA

Hkwfe mipkj&nhed ,oa dVqvk dhV ls cpko gsrq D;wukyQkWl ls Hkwfe mipkj djsaA

cht dh ek=k&

 pus dh vPNh mit ds fy, rhu ls lk<s+ rhu yk[k ikS/ks izfr gsDVs;j dh vko”;drk gksrh gSa izfr gsDVs;j 75&80 fdyks cht i;kZIr gksxkA vadqj.k 85 izfr”kr ls vf/kd gks rks cht dh cqokbZ djuh pkfg;sA

cht mipkj& jksx fu;U=.k gsrq % mdBk ,oa tM+ lM+u jksx ls Qly ds cpko gsrq 2 xzke Fkk;je ;k 2 xzke dkcsZUMkfte ds feJ.k ls izfr fdyks cht dks mipkfjr djsaA ;k chVkosDl 2 xzke izfr fdyks dh nj ls cht dks mipkfjr djsaA

dhV fu;U=.k% Fkk;ksesFkksDlke 70 MoY;w- ih- 3 xzke@fdyks cht dh nj ls mipkfjr djsA

iks’kd rRo izca/ku gsrq cht mipkj

thok.kq dYpj& jkbtksfc;e ,oa ih-,l-ch- izR;sd dh 10 xzke ek=k izfr fdyks cht dh nj ls mipkfjr djsA

ykbZu ls ykbZu ,oa ikS/kks ls ikS/kks dh nwjh&

iafDr;ks@dwaMks ds chp dh nwjh 30 lsUVhehVj rFkk ikS/ks ls ikS/ks dh nwjh 10 lsUVhehVj j[ksaA flafpr voLFkk esa dkcqyh pus esa dwaMksa+ ds chp dh nwjh 45 lsUVhehVj j[kuh pkfg,A iNsrh cksuh dh voLFkk esa iafDr ls iafDr dh nwjh ?kVkdj 25 lsUVhehVj j[ksaA

cht nj

ns”kh NksVs nkuksa okyh fdLeksa dk 65 ls 75 fd-xzk-@gsDVs;j gSA

ts-th- 130] ts-th- 74] ts-th- 322 ]ts-th- 12] ts-th- 63] ts-th- 16]

e/;e nkuksa okyh fdLeksa dk 75& 80 fd-xzk-@gsDVs;j& tkdh&9218aaaaA fo'kky

dkcqyh pus dh fdLeksa dk 100 fd-xzk-@gs- dh nj ls cqokbZ djsaA

tsthds&1] tsthds-&2 ,oa tsthds 3

[kkn o moZjd

cqokbZ ls 4&5 lIrkg iwoZ xkscj] Hkw ukMsi Vkadk dh [kkn 50&100 fDoaVy izfr gsDVs;j nsuk pkfg,A 60 fdyks LQqj ,oa 20 fdyks u=tu ;g ek=k cqokbZ ls iwoZ izfr gSVs;j 375 fdyks flaxy lqij QkLQsV  vFkkZr 40&55 fdyks ;wfj;k ] ;g ek=k 100 fdyks Mh,ih ls Hkh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS oa iksVk”k ds fy, 30&35 fdyks E;qjsV vkWQ iksVk”k nsosaA xa/kd dh deh okys {ks= esa 20 fdyks xa/kd] ftIle 250 fdyks@gsDVs;j nsus ls mit esa lkFkZd o`f) dh tk ldrh gSA

dkcqyh puk dh MkWyj ,oa Mcy MkWyj iztkfr;ksa dk fodYi

fdLesa	vuq”kaflr o’kZ	vof/k	mit fDo-@gs-	Ikzeq[k fo”ks’krk,a
tsthds&1	2003	110&115	15&18	ikS/ks e/;e yEcs] de QSyus okys] ifRr;ka cMh] lQsn Qwy] dzhe lQsn jax dk cMs vkdkj dk cht
Tksthds&2	2007	95&110	15&18	tYnh idus okyh- cMh ifRr;ka- de QSyko] lQsn Qwy] lQsn dzhe jax dk cMk nkuk lkS nkuksa dk otu 33&36 xzke] cgqjksx jks/kh
Tksthds&3	2007	95&110	15&18	dkcqyh pus dh cMs nkus dh tkfr ] cht fpduk] lkS nkuksa dk out 44 xzke

ns”kh pus dh iztkfr;kA

fdLesa	vuq”kaflr o’kZ	vof/k fnuks esa	mit fDo-@gs-	Ikzeq[k fo”ks’krk;s
tsth 14	2009	95&110	20&25	nky cukus ds fy, mi;qDr] vf/kd rkieku lgu”khy]mdBk jksx izfrjks/kh]e/;izns”k ds flafpr {ks=kses  nsj ls cksus ds fy, mi;qDr
tkdh 9218	2006	112	18&20	de QSyko okyk ikS/kk] ikS/kk gYdk Hkwjs] nkus dks.kh; vkdkj] fpduh lrg] lkS nkus dk out 20&27 xzke] flafpr ,oa vflafpr [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr
Tksth 63	2006	110&120	20&25	mdBk] dkyk lM+u] lw[kk tM+ gsrq mi;qDr] iwjs e/;izns”k gsrq mi;qDr] izpqj ek=k es “kk[kk;sa rFkk cMh Qfy;kW] cht ihyk Hkwjk e/;e cMs vkdkj dssA
Tksth 412	2004	90&100	18&20	tYnh idus okyh fdLe] de le; es mRiknu es vPNhA
Tksth	2002	100&120	19	gYdk QSyko okyk ikS/kk ftles izpqj ek=k esa “kk[kk;as vkrh gS gYdh gjh ifRr;k] cSxuh ruk ,oa xgjs xqykch Qwy] gYdk cknkeh Hkwjs jax dk cMk dks.kh; vkdkj dk fpduk cht] mdBk izfrjks/kh] vflafpr {ks=ks gsrq Hkh mi;qDrA
Tksth 16	2001	110&120	18&20	;g fdLe flafpr o vflafpr {ks= gsrq mi;qDr gS] e/;e vkdkj dk fpduk cht] mdBk jksx gsrq lgu”khyA
Tksth 11	1999	100&110	15&18	cMk fpduk dks.kh; vkdkj dk cht] mdBk] lw[kk tM+ lM+u jks/kh] flafpr o vflafpr {ks=ks gsrq mi;qDrA
Tksth 322	1997	110&115	18&20	ikS/ks e/;e yEcs] vkoj.k fpduk] mdBk jksx gsrq izfrjks/khA e/;izns”k ds fy, mi;qDrA
Tks th 218	1996	110&120	15&18	ifRr;ka xgjh gjh] cknkeh Hkwjs jax dk dks.kh; fpduk cM+k cht] mdBk jksx gsrq izfrjks/khA
Tks th 74	1991	120&125	15&18	Qwy xqykch jax dk blds cht dk vkoj.k >qjhZnkj] fldqMk] nkuksa dh Åijh lrg [kqjnjh] mdBk gsrq izfrjks/kh] Hk.Mkj.k dhVks gsrq lgu”khy] yEch vof/k dh e/; Hkkjr ds fy, mi;qDr fdLeA
Tks th 315	1984	115&125	15&18	Lkcls izpfyr fdLe] mdBk jksx ds fy;s izfrjks/kd] e/; Hkkjr ds fy;s mi;qDr

fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ

                    vflafpr pus dh [ksrh es uhnk dk izdksi de gh gksrk gSA flafpr Hkwfe esa 4&6 lIrkg rd uhank fu;a=.k dh vko”;drk gksxhA ftls ;kaf=dh fof/k ls gy pykdj fu;a=.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgka T;knk [kjirokj dh leL;k jgrh gks ogka] uhnkuk”kd [kjirokjuk”kh nok isUMkfefFkyhu 30 izfr”kr bZlh- ¼LVkEi ½ 3000 feyh- izfr gsDVs;j ,oa ,ykDyksj 50 izfr”kr bZlh ¼yklks½ 300 feyh- izfr gsDVs;j] 600&700 yhVj ikuh esa feykdj cqvkbZ ds rqjUr ckn Mkyuk ykHknk;d ik;k x;k gS

izFke flapkbZ

pus esa igyh flapkbZ Qwy vkus ds igys vkSj cksvkbZ ds 45&60 fnu ckn djuk pkfg, vxj ,d gh flapkbZ fdlku ds ikl miyC/k gS rks Qwy vkus ls igys gh flapkbZ djsa] vxj ikyk iM+us dh vka”kdk gks rks flapkbZ djsaA blls Qly dks ikys ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA

nwljh flapkbZ

 vko”;drkuqlkj Qfy;ksa esa nkuk curs le; dh tkuh pkfg,A Qwy vkrs le; puk dh Qly esa flapkbZ djus ls gkfu gksrh gS] vr% Qwy vkrs le; dnkfi flpkbZ u djsaA

vr% ;fn nks flapkbZ;ksa ds fy, Ik;kZIr ty lalk/ku miyC/k gks rks igyh flapkbZ “kk[kk;sa curs le; Qwy vkus ds igys rFkk nwljh flapkbZ 80 izfr”kr Qyh cu tkus ds ckn nkuk curs le; djus ls puk dh 25&30 izfr”kr rd vf/kd mit izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

[kqVkbZ Vksfiax fufiax

ikS/kks dh “kk[kkvksa ,oa Qwyksa esa vPNh o`f) ds fy, ikS/kks dh fVi dks rksM+uk ykHknk;d fl) gksrk gSA blls mit esa o`f) gksrh gSA ;g 30&40 fnu rd dh Qly esa gha djuh pkfg, blds ckn ughaA

PROBLEM OF FARMER FOR THE HIGH QUALITY SEED

The seed is most important thing in agriculture or cultivation of crop. This is the primary source or input of agriculture. Most of the time the farmer used seed of home or his previous grown crops. Now a days some of the farmer of India and world are use high quality seed from the private agriculture companies or government department of agriculture.

But here I want to talk about the production of high quality seed at the farmer field and for their own use.

Because the farmers grow crops at their fields and when they go to their production in the Mandi they get low price for example when a farmer go  the mandi to sale their soybean they get 3000-4000 Rs./Quintal. But when they go to purchase seed from the shop they purchase soybean seed they have to pay 6100-6500 Rs/Quintal.

Definitely as all we know that the rate of the seed will be more in comparison to crop.

But my question is that when a farmer is the producer of the crop and customer of seed.

Then why he is not producing the seed at his own field, why he is purchasing seed from the market at high price. Second how a farmer can believe at the quality of seed purchase from the others or market? , many time the quality of the seed purchase from the market is very bad and he is not able to purchase the desired variety of the seed. 

There are some crops which seed production requires special technique like hybrid seed.

But most of seed of self pollinated crop whose seed can be produced easily by the farmer.

Like wheat, soybean, gram (chana), green gram (mung), Black gram (Urd), etc.
the production of seed of self pollinated crop is easily farmer can produced seed 
for himself and others.
Farmers can make small groups and after registration in seed certification agency of state, he can produced seed of desired quality. And it will give him an opportunity for agriculture business. If farmers do not want to register the seed in seed certification agency, there is a no need to register. Purchase seed of high quality from a reliable source and if is desired quality, grow this for next two or three years, so that the cost of cultivation can be reduced.

In the self pollinated crop the one time purchased high quality seed can be shown next two three years.  

Package of Practices for Maize,मक्का उत्पादन की उन्नत तकनीक

Package of Practices for Maize-

मक्का उत्पादन की उन्नत तकनीक 

Now cultivation of maize is done is most of the state of the country and

 Main area of maize is Andhra-Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra Madhyapradesh, Bihar, Uttarpradesh, Rajasthan etc.

Now the maize crop  has become one of the most  important crop in the country because it is less affected by disease and pest and also gives good yield at low cost. And in India day by day the business of poultry is increasing very rapidly so for the feed of hens/chickens maize is used. And at some places the oil of maize is also extracted and in some area it is used for chapatti making. And it is used in other industries also.

Preparation of Land-

    Cultivation of maize may be done in light, medium and heavy soil. The soil should be ploughed 2-3 times and land should be leveled. Drainage facility should be managed.

Improved Varieties-

Very Short Duration Varieties(80- 90 Days)	Composite variety- Jawahar Maize-8 Hybrid- Kanchan
Medium Duration Varieties(95- 100 Days)	Composite variety- Chandan Maize-3, Vijay and Mahi Dhaval Hybrid variety- Pusa hybrid 1 & 2,
Long Duration varieties (100-120 Days)	Composite variety- Prabhat  Hybrid variety- Ganga 11 , Ganga white

Private Company High Yielding Variety- 1. Short Duration- K-3712,         K-3426 (Ganga Kavery), DKC-7074 (Monsanto), JKMH-175, Rajkumar, Shaktiman, Bio -9681 (ShriRam Bioseed), NK-46 (Sygenta)

2.    Long Duration Variety- 30V92 (Pioneer), 900M Gold (Monsanto), JKMH-501 (JK Seeds), NK-6240 (Syngenta), 740 (Seedtech) etc.

Seed Rate-     7-8 kilogram per acre.

Time of Sowing-   

Crop is sown in all three season

Kharif- 15 June to 10 July

Rabi- 15 September to 15 October

Zaid- 15-30 March

Seed Treatment- The seed may be treated with trichoderma viridae or thiram, redomil or carbendazim. And the seed should we treated with azotobacter and PSB culture @ 10 gm/kg of seed.

Spacing-

For short duration- 60 cm* 20 cm

For Long Duration- 60 cm*30 cm

The plant population should be 26-32 Thousand in one acre.

Fertilizer dose-

Gobar ki Khad- 25 Quintal/ acre should be sprayed 15 day before sowing.

And 45 kg nitrogen, 25 kg Phosphorus and 12 kg Potash/Acre.

At the time of sowing 50 kg DAP and 25 kg Urea and 20 kg Murate of Potash.

After 30 Days or at nee height stage-50 kg Urea should be broadcasted.

 And Zinc sulphate @ 10 kg one time in two years should be used at time of sowing.

Irrigation – In rainy season there is no need of irrigation. Only in late September in condition of no rain irrigation may be given.

In other season rabi or Zaid crops – first irrigation after 20-25 days, second irrigation at manjari stage and third irrigation at grain forming stage should be given.

Weed Control- weeding can be done manually by the help of Khurapi/Dora and chemically by Atrazine @ 0.6 kg in 300 litre water used per acre. And in intercropping (Maize+Legume+oily crop) Pendimethylin @ 0.6 kg per acre after the sowing and before the germination.

Intercropping – In maize crop Green Gram, Black Gram and Soybean should be intercropped with maize in ratio of 2:2, 2:4, and 2:6.

And gap filling and thinning is done after 15-20 days after to maintain plant population.

Crop Protection- In maize crop mostly  stem fly, stem borer, and aphid to control them Quinalphos, 500 ml/Acre trizophos 500ml/ Acre  and Phorate @ 2 3 kg/acre may be used.

Disease- leaf spot to control it mancozeb or carbendazim @ 400 gm/ acre should be sprayed.

Agricuture : ORGANIC FARMING, HOW TO PREPARE ORGANIC MANURE AND...

Agricuture : ORGANIC FARMING, HOW TO PREPARE ORGANIC MANURE AND...: v ORGANIC FARMING v Method Of Making Organic Manure- •       Gobar Gas- It is made of 2, 3 and 5 cube meters. And mostly for a ...

ORGANIC FARMING, HOW TO PREPARE ORGANIC MANURE AND ORGANIC INSECTICIDES

      MATKA KHAD

•      In this a mud pot is taken in this 15 kg. cow/buffallow dung and 5 liters cow urine, 1 kg. Field soil and 500 gm. Gud and 1 kg. Flour of gram/maize/wheat is taken and one by one all given above should be well dissolved in water, then poured in the matka. After this the mud pot mouth should be tied well and keep this in the shade for 14-15 days out the of the reach of children. After fifteen days filter it by the help of cloth and then spray over the crops.   Dissolved this solution in 200 liter water and spray it in one acre. Spray may be repeated after 15 days. In one season crops spray is done for 3-4 times and in long duration crops 8-9 spray should be done.

Cultivation of wheat, PACKAGE OF PRACTICES FOR CULTIVATION OF WHEAT,

Cultivation of wheat

Preparation of Land- Plough land two three times by plough. If land has soil clod then rotavator should be used and leveling should be done.

Seed rate- For timely sown variety- 90-100 kg./ha. And for late sown  variety 125 kg/ha.

Spacing-  20-23 cm* 5 cm. row to row and plant to plant.

Sowing time- For early sowing variety- 20 October to 10 November.

For timely sown variety- 10 to 25 November.

For late sown variety – upto 31 December.

Recommended variety for MadhyaPradesh

Sowing stage	Sowing date	Irrigation	Chandosi/Sharvati	Kathia/malvi	Amount of fertilizer N:P:K , kg/ha.	Yield (qt/ha.)
Early	20 to 30 October	Rainfed	HI-1500( Amrita) HI-1531(Harshita) HD-2987(pusa bahar JW-3020 JW-3173 MP- 3288	HI-8627 (malavkirti)	60:30:15	20-25
	20 octobet to 10 november	1-2 irrigation	HI-1500( Amrita) HI-1531(Harshita) HD-2987(pusa bahar JW-3020 JW-3173 JW-3211 JW-3269 MP- 3288 DBW-110	HI-8627 (malavkirti)	80:40:20	30-40
Timely sown	10 to 25 November	3-6 irrigation	HI-1418(naveen chandosi) HI-1479(Swarna) JW-1201 JW-273 JW-322 JW-366 HI-1544(Purna)	HI-8498(malvashakti) MPO-1106(Shudha) MPO-1215 HI-8663(Poshan) HI-8713(Pusa mangal) HI-8737(Pusa anamol)	Chandosi/Sharvati 120:60:30 Kathia/Malvi 140:70:35	50-55
Late sown	December to January	4-5 Irrigation	HI-1418 MP-4010 JW-1202 JW-1203 HD-2932(pusa 111) MP-3336 Raj-4238		100:50:25	30-45

Weeding- This may be done manually by the help of Khurpi. Chemical weedicides may be used. For narrow leaves weed sulphosulfuron or chlodinophop or Phenoxyprop methyl may be used and for broad leaves Metasulphuron methyl can be used. There are so many weedicides in the market but purchase weedicide of branded company only. And use as per their recommendation.

Irrigation- If there only one irrigation is available then irrigation should be given be at 21 days after sowing at crown root initiation. If two irrigation is available then first irrigation should be given at 30-45 days and second at 60-70 days after sowing. If three irrigation are available then first irrigation should be given at 20-25 days , second irrigation at 50-55 days and third irrigation at 85-90 days after sowing.

If sufficient water is available then every 20-22 days after irrigation should be given to wheat field.

Control of insect Pest-

Termite- this insect damage the crop and damage the root of the wheat due to which the crop dries. So there is a loss in production.

1.    Mixed the plant/crop residue in the soil by soil turning plough and keep clean the field.

2.    Make a pit of 1 m²  two feet deep and in this pour the fresh dung. After some time the termite comes on the dung, now chlorpyriphos 40 ml/pump with 15 Liter of water spray on the dung. Entire termite will die.

Control of Diseases in Wheat-

Smut- in this disease the grain in the ear will fill the dark or brown color powder. Due to which the yield of wheat become lower.

Treatment- Treat the seed with vitavex 3 gram/kg of seed.

Rust- This is three types which affect the stem and leaves and make a loss in the yield. 

Control- Spray Carbendazim 30 ml/15 liters of water/pump.